cost-model/pkg/costmodel/metrics.go

package costmodel

import (
	"maps"
	"math"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/clustercache"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/clusters"
	coreenv "github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/env"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/errors"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/log"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/source"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/util"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/util/atomic"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/core/pkg/util/promutil"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/pkg/cloud/models"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/pkg/env"
	"github.com/opencost/opencost/pkg/metrics"

	promclient "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api"
	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
)

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  ClusterInfoCollector
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------

// ClusterInfoCollector is a prometheus collector that generates ClusterInfoMetrics
type ClusterInfoCollector struct {
	ClusterInfo   clusters.ClusterInfoProvider
	metricsConfig metrics.MetricsConfig
}

// Describe sends the super-set of all possible descriptors of metrics
// collected by this Collector.
func (cic ClusterInfoCollector) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
	disabledMetrics := cic.metricsConfig.GetDisabledMetricsMap()
	if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_cluster_info"]; disabled {
		return
	}

	ch <- prometheus.NewDesc("kubecost_cluster_info", "Kubecost Cluster Info", []string{}, nil)

}

// Collect is called by the Prometheus registry when collecting metrics.
func (cic ClusterInfoCollector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
	disabledMetrics := cic.metricsConfig.GetDisabledMetricsMap()
	if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_cluster_info"]; disabled {
		return
	}

	clusterInfo := cic.ClusterInfo.GetClusterInfo()
	labels := promutil.MapToLabels(clusterInfo)

	m := newClusterInfoMetric("kubecost_cluster_info", labels)
	ch <- m

}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  ClusterInfoMetric
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------

// ClusterInfoMetric is a prometheus.Metric used to encode the local cluster info
type ClusterInfoMetric struct {
	fqName string
	help   string
	labels map[string]string
}

// Creates a new ClusterInfoMetric, implementation of prometheus.Metric
func newClusterInfoMetric(fqName string, labels map[string]string) ClusterInfoMetric {
	return ClusterInfoMetric{
		fqName: fqName,
		labels: labels,
		help:   "kubecost_cluster_info ClusterInfo",
	}
}

// Desc returns the descriptor for the Metric. This method idempotently
// returns the same descriptor throughout the lifetime of the Metric.
func (cim ClusterInfoMetric) Desc() *prometheus.Desc {
	l := prometheus.Labels{}
	return prometheus.NewDesc(cim.fqName, cim.help, promutil.LabelNamesFrom(cim.labels), l)
}

// Write encodes the Metric into a "Metric" Protocol Buffer data
// transmission object.
func (cim ClusterInfoMetric) Write(m *dto.Metric) error {
	h := float64(1)
	m.Gauge = &dto.Gauge{
		Value: &h,
	}
	var labels []*dto.LabelPair
	for k, v := range cim.labels {
		labels = append(labels, &dto.LabelPair{
			Name:  toStringPtr(k),
			Value: toStringPtr(v),
		})
	}
	m.Label = labels
	return nil
}

// returns a pointer to the string provided
func toStringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Cost Model Metrics Initialization
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Only allow the metrics to be instantiated and registered once
var metricsInit sync.Once

var (
	cpuGv                         *prometheus.GaugeVec
	ramGv                         *prometheus.GaugeVec
	gpuGv                         *prometheus.GaugeVec
	gpuCountGv                    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	pvGv                          *prometheus.GaugeVec
	spotGv                        *prometheus.GaugeVec
	totalGv                       *prometheus.GaugeVec
	ramAllocGv                    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	cpuAllocGv                    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	gpuAllocGv                    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	pvAllocGv                     *prometheus.GaugeVec
	networkZoneEgressCostG        prometheus.Gauge
	networkRegionEgressCostG      prometheus.Gauge
	networkInternetEgressCostG    prometheus.Gauge
	networkNatGatewayEgressCostG  prometheus.Gauge
	networkNatGatewayIngressCostG prometheus.Gauge
	clusterManagementCostGv       *prometheus.GaugeVec
	lbCostGv                      *prometheus.GaugeVec
)

// initCostModelMetrics uses a sync.Once to ensure that these metrics are only created once
func initCostModelMetrics(clusterInfo clusters.ClusterInfoProvider, metricsConfig *metrics.MetricsConfig) {

	disabledMetrics := metricsConfig.GetDisabledMetricsMap()
	var toRegisterGV []*prometheus.GaugeVec
	var toRegisterGauge []prometheus.Gauge

	metricsInit.Do(func() {

		cpuGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "node_cpu_hourly_cost",
			Help: "node_cpu_hourly_cost hourly cost for each cpu on this node",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["node_cpu_hourly_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, cpuGv)
		}

		ramGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "node_ram_hourly_cost",
			Help: "node_ram_hourly_cost hourly cost for each gb of ram on this node",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["node_ram_hourly_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, ramGv)
		}

		gpuGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "node_gpu_hourly_cost",
			Help: "node_gpu_hourly_cost hourly cost for each gpu on this node",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["node_gpu_hourly_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, gpuGv)
		}

		gpuCountGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "node_gpu_count",
			Help: "node_gpu_count count of gpu on this node",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["node_gpu_count"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, gpuCountGv)
		}

		pvGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "pv_hourly_cost",
			Help: "pv_hourly_cost Cost per GB per hour on a persistent disk",
		}, []string{"volumename", "persistentvolume", "provider_id", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["pv_hourly_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, pvGv)
		}

		spotGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_node_is_spot",
			Help: "kubecost_node_is_spot Cloud provider info about node preemptibility",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_node_is_spot"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, spotGv)
		}

		totalGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "node_total_hourly_cost",
			Help: "node_total_hourly_cost Total node cost per hour",
		}, []string{"instance", "node", "instance_type", "region", "provider_id", "arch", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["node_total_hourly_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, totalGv)
		}

		ramAllocGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "container_memory_allocation_bytes",
			Help: "container_memory_allocation_bytes Bytes of RAM used",
		}, []string{"namespace", "pod", "container", "instance", "node", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["container_memory_allocation_bytes"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, ramAllocGv)
		}

		cpuAllocGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "container_cpu_allocation",
			Help: "container_cpu_allocation Percent of a single CPU used in a minute",
		}, []string{"namespace", "pod", "container", "instance", "node", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["container_cpu_allocation"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, cpuAllocGv)
		}

		gpuAllocGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "container_gpu_allocation",
			Help: "container_gpu_allocation GPU used",
		}, []string{"namespace", "pod", "container", "instance", "node", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["container_gpu_allocation"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, gpuAllocGv)
		}

		pvAllocGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "pod_pvc_allocation",
			Help: "pod_pvc_allocation Bytes used by a PVC attached to a pod",
		}, []string{"namespace", "pod", "persistentvolumeclaim", "persistentvolume", "uid"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["pod_pvc_allocation"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, pvAllocGv)
		}

		networkZoneEgressCostG = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_network_zone_egress_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_network_zone_egress_cost Total cost per GB egress across zones",
		})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_network_zone_egress_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGauge = append(toRegisterGauge, networkZoneEgressCostG)
		}

		networkRegionEgressCostG = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_network_region_egress_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_network_region_egress_cost Total cost per GB egress across regions",
		})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_network_region_egress_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGauge = append(toRegisterGauge, networkRegionEgressCostG)
		}

		networkInternetEgressCostG = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_network_internet_egress_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_network_internet_egress_cost Total cost per GB of internet egress.",
		})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_network_internet_egress_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGauge = append(toRegisterGauge, networkInternetEgressCostG)
		}

		networkNatGatewayEgressCostG = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_network_nat_gateway_egress_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_network_nat_gateway_egress_cost Total cost per GB of nat gateway egress.",
		})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_network_nat_gateway_egress_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGauge = append(toRegisterGauge, networkNatGatewayEgressCostG)
		}

		networkNatGatewayIngressCostG = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_network_nat_gateway_ingress_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_network_nat_gateway_ingress_cost Total cost per GB of nat gateway ingress.",
		})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_network_nat_gateway_ingress_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGauge = append(toRegisterGauge, networkNatGatewayIngressCostG)
		}

		clusterManagementCostGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
			Name: "kubecost_cluster_management_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_cluster_management_cost Hourly cost paid as a cluster management fee.",
		}, []string{"provisioner_name"})
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_cluster_management_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, clusterManagementCostGv)
		}

		lbCostGv = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{ // no differentiation between ELB and ALB right now
			Name: "kubecost_load_balancer_cost",
			Help: "kubecost_load_balancer_cost Hourly cost of load balancer",
		}, []string{"ingress_ip", "namespace", "service_name", "uid"}) // assumes one ingress IP per load balancer
		if _, disabled := disabledMetrics["kubecost_load_balancer_cost"]; !disabled {
			toRegisterGV = append(toRegisterGV, lbCostGv)
		}

		// Register cost-model metrics for emission
		for _, gv := range toRegisterGV {
			prometheus.MustRegister(gv)
		}
		for _, g := range toRegisterGauge {
			prometheus.MustRegister(g)
		}

		// General Metric Collectors
		prometheus.MustRegister(ClusterInfoCollector{
			ClusterInfo:   clusterInfo,
			metricsConfig: *metricsConfig,
		})
	})
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  CostModelMetricsEmitter
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------

// CostModelMetricsEmitter emits all cost-model specific metrics calculated by
// the CostModel.ComputeCostData() method.
type CostModelMetricsEmitter struct {
	PrometheusClient promclient.Client
	KubeClusterCache clustercache.ClusterCache
	CloudProvider    models.Provider
	Model            *CostModel

	// Metrics
	CPUPriceRecorder                 *prometheus.GaugeVec
	RAMPriceRecorder                 *prometheus.GaugeVec
	PersistentVolumePriceRecorder    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	GPUPriceRecorder                 *prometheus.GaugeVec
	GPUCountRecorder                 *prometheus.GaugeVec
	PVAllocationRecorder             *prometheus.GaugeVec
	NodeSpotRecorder                 *prometheus.GaugeVec
	NodeTotalPriceRecorder           *prometheus.GaugeVec
	RAMAllocationRecorder            *prometheus.GaugeVec
	CPUAllocationRecorder            *prometheus.GaugeVec
	GPUAllocationRecorder            *prometheus.GaugeVec
	ClusterManagementCostRecorder    *prometheus.GaugeVec
	LBCostRecorder                   *prometheus.GaugeVec
	NetworkZoneEgressRecorder        prometheus.Gauge
	NetworkRegionEgressRecorder      prometheus.Gauge
	NetworkInternetEgressRecorder    prometheus.Gauge
	NetworkNatGatewayEgressRecorder  prometheus.Gauge
	NetworkNatGatewayIngressRecorder prometheus.Gauge

	// Concurrent Flow Control - Manages the run state of the metric emitter
	runState atomic.AtomicRunState
}

// NewCostModelMetricsEmitter creates a new cost-model metrics emitter. Use Start() to begin metric emission.
func NewCostModelMetricsEmitter(clusterCache clustercache.ClusterCache, provider models.Provider, clusterInfo clusters.ClusterInfoProvider, model *CostModel) *CostModelMetricsEmitter {

	// Get metric configurations, if any
	metricsConfig, err := metrics.GetMetricsConfig()
	if err != nil {
		log.Infof("Failed to get metrics config before init: %s", err)
	}

	if len(metricsConfig.DisabledMetrics) > 0 {
		log.Infof("Starting metrics init with disabled metrics: %v", metricsConfig.DisabledMetrics)
	}

	// init will only actually execute once to register the custom gauges
	initCostModelMetrics(clusterInfo, metricsConfig)

	metrics.InitKubeMetrics(clusterInfo, clusterCache, metricsConfig, &metrics.KubeMetricsOpts{
		EmitKubecostControllerMetrics: true,
		EmitNamespaceAnnotations:      coreenv.IsEmitNamespaceAnnotationsMetric(),
		EmitPodAnnotations:            coreenv.IsEmitPodAnnotationsMetric(),
		EmitKubeStateMetrics:          coreenv.IsEmitKsmV1Metrics(),
		EmitKubeStateMetricsV1Only:    coreenv.IsEmitKsmV1MetricsOnly(),
		EmitDeprecatedMetrics:         coreenv.IsEmitDeprecatedMetrics(),
	})

	metrics.InitOpencostTelemetry(metricsConfig)

	if model != nil {
		metrics.InitWALMetrics(model.DataSource, metricsConfig)
	}

	return &CostModelMetricsEmitter{
		KubeClusterCache:                 clusterCache,
		CloudProvider:                    provider,
		Model:                            model,
		CPUPriceRecorder:                 cpuGv,
		RAMPriceRecorder:                 ramGv,
		GPUPriceRecorder:                 gpuGv,
		GPUCountRecorder:                 gpuCountGv,
		PersistentVolumePriceRecorder:    pvGv,
		NodeSpotRecorder:                 spotGv,
		NodeTotalPriceRecorder:           totalGv,
		RAMAllocationRecorder:            ramAllocGv,
		CPUAllocationRecorder:            cpuAllocGv,
		GPUAllocationRecorder:            gpuAllocGv,
		PVAllocationRecorder:             pvAllocGv,
		NetworkZoneEgressRecorder:        networkZoneEgressCostG,
		NetworkRegionEgressRecorder:      networkRegionEgressCostG,
		NetworkInternetEgressRecorder:    networkInternetEgressCostG,
		NetworkNatGatewayEgressRecorder:  networkNatGatewayEgressCostG,
		NetworkNatGatewayIngressRecorder: networkNatGatewayIngressCostG,
		ClusterManagementCostRecorder:    clusterManagementCostGv,
		LBCostRecorder:                   lbCostGv,
	}
}

// IsRunning returns true if metric recording is running.
func (cmme *CostModelMetricsEmitter) IsRunning() bool {
	return cmme.runState.IsRunning()
}

// NodeCostAverages tracks a running average of a node's cost attributes.
// The averages are used to detect and discard spurrious outliers.
type NodeCostAverages struct {
	CpuCostAverage   float64
	RamCostAverage   float64
	NumCpuDataPoints float64
	NumRamDataPoints float64
}

// StartCostModelMetricRecording starts the go routine that emits metrics used to determine
// cluster costs.
func (cmme *CostModelMetricsEmitter) Start() bool {
	// wait for a reset to prevent a race between start and stop calls
	cmme.runState.WaitForReset()

	// Check to see if we're already recording, and atomically advance the run state to start if we're not
	if !cmme.runState.Start() {
		log.Errorf("Attempted to start cost model metric recording when it's already running.")
		return false
	}

	go func() {
		defer errors.HandlePanic()

		containerSeen := make(map[string]bool)
		nodeSeen := make(map[string]bool)
		loadBalancerSeen := make(map[string]bool)
		pvSeen := make(map[string]bool)
		pvcSeen := make(map[string]bool)
		nodeCostAverages := make(map[string]NodeCostAverages)

		getKeyFromLabelStrings := func(labels ...string) string {
			return strings.Join(labels, ",")
		}
		getLabelStringsFromKey := func(key string) []string {
			return strings.Split(key, ",")
		}

		var defaultRegion string = ""
		nodeList := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllNodes()
		if len(nodeList) > 0 {
			var ok bool
			defaultRegion, ok = util.GetRegion(nodeList[0].Labels)
			if !ok {
				log.DedupedWarningf(5, "Failed to read default region from labels on node %s", nodeList[0].Name)
			}
		}

		for {
			log.Debugf("Recording prices...")
			podlist := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllPods()
			podStatus := make(map[string]v1.PodPhase)
			podUIDs := make(map[string]string)
			for _, pod := range podlist {
				podStatus[pod.Name] = pod.Status.Phase
				podUIDs[pod.Name] = string(pod.UID)
			}

			// Create node UID lookup map
			nodeList := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllNodes()
			nodeUIDs := make(map[string]string)
			for _, node := range nodeList {
				nodeUIDs[node.Name] = string(node.UID)
			}

			// Create PV UID lookup map
			pvList := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllPersistentVolumes()
			pvUIDs := make(map[string]string)
			for _, pv := range pvList {
				pvUIDs[pv.Name] = string(pv.UID)
			}

			// Create service UID lookup map
			serviceList := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllServices()
			serviceUIDs := make(map[string]string)
			for _, service := range serviceList {
				serviceKey := service.Namespace + "/" + service.Name
				serviceUIDs[serviceKey] = string(service.UID)
			}

			cfg, _ := cmme.CloudProvider.GetConfig()

			provisioner, clusterManagementCost, err := cmme.CloudProvider.ClusterManagementPricing()
			if err != nil {
				log.Errorf("Error getting cluster management cost %s", err.Error())
			}
			cmme.ClusterManagementCostRecorder.WithLabelValues(provisioner).Set(clusterManagementCost)

			// Record network pricing at global scope
			networkCosts, err := cmme.CloudProvider.NetworkPricing()
			if err != nil {
				log.Debugf("Failed to retrieve network costs: %s", err.Error())
			} else {
				cmme.NetworkZoneEgressRecorder.Set(networkCosts.ZoneNetworkEgressCost)
				cmme.NetworkRegionEgressRecorder.Set(networkCosts.RegionNetworkEgressCost)
				cmme.NetworkInternetEgressRecorder.Set(networkCosts.InternetNetworkEgressCost)
				cmme.NetworkNatGatewayEgressRecorder.Set(networkCosts.NatGatewayEgressCost)
				cmme.NetworkNatGatewayIngressRecorder.Set(networkCosts.NatGatewayIngressCost)
			}

			end := time.Now()
			queryWindow := env.GetMetricsEmitterQueryWindow()
			start := end.Add(-queryWindow)

			data, err := cmme.Model.ComputeCostData(start, end)
			if err != nil {
				// For an error collection, we'll just log the length of the errors (ComputeCostData already logs the
				// actual errors)
				if source.IsErrorCollection(err) {
					if ec, ok := err.(source.QueryErrorCollection); ok {
						log.Errorf("Error in price recording: %d errors occurred", len(ec.Errors()))
					}
				} else {
					log.Errorf("Error in price recording: %s", err)
				}

				// zero the for loop so the time.Sleep will still work
				data = map[string]*CostData{}
			}

			nodes, err := cmme.Model.GetNodeCost()
			if err != nil {
				log.Warnf("Error getting Node cost: %s", err)
			}
			for nodeName, node := range nodes {
				// Get node UID first
				nodeUID := nodeUIDs[nodeName]

				// Emit costs, guarding against NaN inputs for custom pricing.
				cpuCost, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.VCPUCost, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(cpuCost) || math.IsInf(cpuCost, 0) {
					cpuCost, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(cfg.CPU, 64)
					if math.IsNaN(cpuCost) || math.IsInf(cpuCost, 0) {
						cpuCost = 0
					}
				}
				cpu, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.VCPU, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(cpu) || math.IsInf(cpu, 0) {
					cpu = 1 // Assume 1 CPU
				}
				ramCost, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.RAMCost, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(ramCost) || math.IsInf(ramCost, 0) {
					ramCost, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(cfg.RAM, 64)
					if math.IsNaN(ramCost) || math.IsInf(ramCost, 0) {
						ramCost = 0
					}
				}
				ram, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.RAMBytes, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(ram) || math.IsInf(ram, 0) {
					ram = 0
				}
				gpu, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.GPU, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(gpu) || math.IsInf(gpu, 0) {
					gpu = 0
				}
				gpuCost, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(node.GPUCost, 64)
				if math.IsNaN(gpuCost) || math.IsInf(gpuCost, 0) {
					gpuCost, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(cfg.GPU, 64)
					if math.IsNaN(gpuCost) || math.IsInf(gpuCost, 0) {
						gpuCost = 0
					}
				}
				nodeType := node.InstanceType
				nodeRegion := node.Region

				totalCost := cpu*cpuCost + ramCost*(ram/1024/1024/1024) + gpu*gpuCost

				labelKey := getKeyFromLabelStrings(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID)

				avgCosts, ok := nodeCostAverages[labelKey]

				// initialize average cost tracking for this node if there is none
				if !ok {
					avgCosts = NodeCostAverages{
						CpuCostAverage:   cpuCost,
						RamCostAverage:   ramCost,
						NumCpuDataPoints: 1,
						NumRamDataPoints: 1,
					}
					nodeCostAverages[labelKey] = avgCosts
				}

				cmme.GPUCountRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(gpu)
				cmme.GPUPriceRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(gpuCost)

				const outlierFactor float64 = 30
				// don't record cpuCost, ramCost, or gpuCost in the case of wild outliers
				// k8s api sometimes causes cost spikes as described here:
				// https://github.com/opencost/opencost/issues/927
				cpuOutlierCutoff := outlierFactor * avgCosts.CpuCostAverage
				if cpuCost < cpuOutlierCutoff {
					cmme.CPUPriceRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(cpuCost)
					avgCosts.CpuCostAverage = (avgCosts.CpuCostAverage*avgCosts.NumCpuDataPoints + cpuCost) / (avgCosts.NumCpuDataPoints + 1)
					avgCosts.NumCpuDataPoints += 1
				} else {
					log.Debugf("CPU cost outlier detected; skipping data point: %s had %f as cost, which is above %f.", nodeName, cpuCost, cpuOutlierCutoff)
				}
				ramOutlierCutoff := outlierFactor * avgCosts.RamCostAverage
				if ramCost < ramOutlierCutoff {
					cmme.RAMPriceRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(ramCost)
					avgCosts.RamCostAverage = (avgCosts.RamCostAverage*avgCosts.NumRamDataPoints + ramCost) / (avgCosts.NumRamDataPoints + 1)
					avgCosts.NumRamDataPoints += 1
				} else {
					log.Debugf("RAM cost outlier detected; skipping data point: %s had %f as cost, which is above %f.", nodeName, ramCost, ramOutlierCutoff)
				}
				// skip redording totalCost if any constituent costs were outliers
				if cpuCost < cpuOutlierCutoff && ramCost < ramOutlierCutoff {
					cmme.NodeTotalPriceRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(totalCost)
				} else {
					log.Debugf("CPU and RAM outlier detected, not recording node %s total cost %f", nodeName, totalCost)
				}

				nodeCostAverages[labelKey] = avgCosts

				if node.IsSpot() {
					cmme.NodeSpotRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(1.0)
				} else {
					cmme.NodeSpotRecorder.WithLabelValues(nodeName, nodeName, nodeType, nodeRegion, node.ProviderID, node.ArchType, nodeUID).Set(0.0)
				}
				nodeSeen[labelKey] = true
			}

			loadBalancers, err := cmme.Model.GetLBCost()
			if err != nil {
				log.Warnf("Error getting LoadBalancer cost: %s", err)
			}
			for lbKey, lb := range loadBalancers {
				// TODO: parse (if necessary) and calculate cost associated with loadBalancer based on dynamic cloud prices fetched into each lb struct on GetLBCost() call

				namespace := lbKey.Namespace
				serviceName := lbKey.Service
				ingressIP := ""
				if len(lb.IngressIPAddresses) > 0 {
					ingressIP = lb.IngressIPAddresses[0] // assumes one ingress IP per load balancer
				}
				serviceKey := namespace + "/" + serviceName
				serviceUID := serviceUIDs[serviceKey]
				cmme.LBCostRecorder.WithLabelValues(ingressIP, namespace, serviceName, serviceUID).Set(lb.Cost)

				labelKey := getKeyFromLabelStrings(ingressIP, namespace, serviceName, serviceUID)
				loadBalancerSeen[labelKey] = true
			}

			for _, costs := range data {
				nodeName := costs.NodeName

				namespace := costs.Namespace
				podName := costs.PodName
				containerName := costs.Name

				if costs.PVCData != nil {
					for _, pvc := range costs.PVCData {
						if pvc.Volume != nil {
							timesClaimed := pvc.TimesClaimed
							if timesClaimed == 0 {
								timesClaimed = 1 // unallocated PVs are unclaimed but have a full allocation
							}
							podUID := podUIDs[podName]
							cmme.PVAllocationRecorder.WithLabelValues(namespace, podName, pvc.Claim, pvc.VolumeName, podUID).Set(pvc.Values[0].Value / float64(timesClaimed))
							labelKey := getKeyFromLabelStrings(namespace, podName, pvc.Claim, pvc.VolumeName, podUID)
							pvcSeen[labelKey] = true
						}
					}
				}

				if len(costs.RAMAllocation) > 0 {
					podUID := podUIDs[podName]
					cmme.RAMAllocationRecorder.WithLabelValues(namespace, podName, containerName, nodeName, nodeName, podUID).Set(costs.RAMAllocation[0].Value)
				}
				if len(costs.CPUAllocation) > 0 {
					podUID := podUIDs[podName]
					cmme.CPUAllocationRecorder.WithLabelValues(namespace, podName, containerName, nodeName, nodeName, podUID).Set(costs.CPUAllocation[0].Value)
				}
				if len(costs.GPUReq) > 0 {
					// allocation here is set to the request because shared GPU usage not yet supported.
					// if VPGUs, request x (actual/virtual)
					vgpu := 0.0
					gpu := 0.0
					var err, verr error
					if matchedNode, found := nodes[nodeName]; found {
						vgpu, verr = strconv.ParseFloat(matchedNode.VGPU, 64)
						gpu, err = strconv.ParseFloat(matchedNode.GPU, 64)
					} else {
						log.Tracef("cost data for node %s had GPUReq, but there was no cost data available for the node", nodeName)
						log.Trace("defaulting GPU to 0 cost")
					}

					gpualloc := costs.GPUReq[0].Value
					if verr != nil && err != nil && vgpu != 0 {
						gpualloc = gpualloc * (gpu / vgpu)
					}

					podUID := podUIDs[podName]
					cmme.GPUAllocationRecorder.WithLabelValues(namespace, podName, containerName, nodeName, nodeName, podUID).Set(gpualloc)
				}
				podUID := podUIDs[podName]
				labelKey := getKeyFromLabelStrings(namespace, podName, containerName, nodeName, nodeName, podUID)
				if podStatus[podName] == v1.PodRunning { // Only report data for current pods
					containerSeen[labelKey] = true
				} else {
					containerSeen[labelKey] = false
				}
			}

			storageClasses := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllStorageClasses()
			storageClassMap := make(map[string]map[string]string)
			for _, storageClass := range storageClasses {
				params := maps.Clone(storageClass.Parameters)
				storageClassMap[storageClass.Name] = params
				if storageClass.Annotations["storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class"] == "true" || storageClass.Annotations["storageclass.beta.kubernetes.io/is-default-class"] == "true" {
					storageClassMap["default"] = params
					storageClassMap[""] = params
				}
			}

			pvs := cmme.KubeClusterCache.GetAllPersistentVolumes()
			for _, pv := range pvs {
				// Omit pv_hourly_cost if the volume status is failed
				if pv.Status.Phase == v1.VolumeFailed {
					continue
				}

				parameters, ok := storageClassMap[pv.Spec.StorageClassName]
				if !ok {
					log.Debugf("Unable to find parameters for storage class \"%s\". Pv \"%s\" might have an empty or invalid storageClassName.", pv.Spec.StorageClassName, pv.Name)
				}
				var region string
				if r, ok := util.GetRegion(pv.Labels); ok {
					region = r
				} else {
					region = defaultRegion
				}
				cacPv := &models.PV{
					Class:      pv.Spec.StorageClassName,
					Region:     region,
					Parameters: parameters,
				}

				cmme.Model.GetPVCost(cacPv, pv, region)
				c, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(cacPv.Cost, 64)
				pvUID := pvUIDs[pv.Name]
				cmme.PersistentVolumePriceRecorder.WithLabelValues(pv.Name, pv.Name, cacPv.ProviderID, pvUID).Set(c)
				labelKey := getKeyFromLabelStrings(pv.Name, pv.Name, cacPv.ProviderID, pvUID)
				pvSeen[labelKey] = true
			}

			// Remove metrics on Nodes/LoadBalancers/Containers/PVs that no
			// longer exist
			for labelString, seen := range nodeSeen {
				if !seen {
					log.Debugf("Removing metrics for %s, no data observed recently", labelString)
					labels := getLabelStringsFromKey(labelString)

					ok := cmme.NodeTotalPriceRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from totalprice", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric node_total_hourly_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					ok = cmme.NodeSpotRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from spot records", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric kubecost_node_is_spot. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					ok = cmme.CPUPriceRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from cpuprice", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric node_cpu_hourly_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					ok = cmme.GPUPriceRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from gpuprice", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric node_gpu_hourly_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					ok = cmme.GPUCountRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from gpucount", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric node_gpu_count. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					ok = cmme.RAMPriceRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if ok {
						log.Debugf("No data observed for node with labels %v, removed from ramprice", labels)
					} else {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric node_ram_hourly_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					delete(nodeSeen, labelString)
					delete(nodeCostAverages, labelString)
				} else {
					nodeSeen[labelString] = false
				}
			}
			for labelString, seen := range loadBalancerSeen {
				if !seen {
					labels := getLabelStringsFromKey(labelString)
					ok := cmme.LBCostRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if !ok {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric kubecost_load_balancer_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					delete(loadBalancerSeen, labelString)
				} else {
					loadBalancerSeen[labelString] = false
				}
			}
			for labelString, seen := range containerSeen {
				if !seen {
					labels := getLabelStringsFromKey(labelString)
					if len(labels) >= 2 && labels[1] != unmountedPVsContainer { // special "pod" to contain the unmounted PVs - does not have RAM/CPU/...
						ok := cmme.RAMAllocationRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
						if !ok {
							log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric container_memory_allocation_bytes. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
						}
						ok = cmme.CPUAllocationRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
						if !ok {
							log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric container_cpu_allocation. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
						}
						ok = cmme.GPUAllocationRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
						if !ok {
							log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric container_gpu_allocation. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
						}
					} else {
						log.Debugf("Did not try to delete RAM/CPU/GPU for fake '%s' container: %v", unmountedPVsContainer, labels)
					}
					delete(containerSeen, labelString)
				} else {
					containerSeen[labelString] = false
				}
			}
			for labelString, seen := range pvSeen {
				if !seen {
					labels := getLabelStringsFromKey(labelString)
					ok := cmme.PersistentVolumePriceRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if !ok {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric pv_hourly_cost. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					delete(pvSeen, labelString)
				} else {
					pvSeen[labelString] = false
				}
			}
			for labelString, seen := range pvcSeen {
				if !seen {
					labels := getLabelStringsFromKey(labelString)
					ok := cmme.PVAllocationRecorder.DeleteLabelValues(labels...)
					if !ok {
						log.Warnf("Failed to remove label set %v from metric pod_pvc_allocation. Failure to remove stale metrics may result in inaccurate data.", labels)
					}
					delete(pvcSeen, labelString)
				} else {
					pvcSeen[labelString] = false
				}
			}

			select {
			case <-time.After(time.Minute):
			case <-cmme.runState.OnStop():
				cmme.runState.Reset()
				return
			}
		}
	}()

	return true
}

// Stop halts the metrics emission loop after the current emission is completed
// or if the emission is paused.
func (cmme *CostModelMetricsEmitter) Stop() {
	cmme.runState.Stop()
}